Efavirenz: What It Is, How to Take It, and Key Tips

If you or a loved one has been prescribed efavirenz, you probably have questions about what it does and how to use it safely. Efavirenz is an antiretroviral drug that belongs to the NNRTI (non‑nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) class. It helps keep HIV from multiplying by blocking a key enzyme the virus needs to copy itself.

How Efavirenz Works

The drug binds directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme, stopping it from turning viral RNA into DNA. Without this step, the virus can’t insert its genetic material into your cells, which slows down disease progression and helps your immune system recover. Because it targets a specific part of the virus, efavirenz works well when combined with other antiretrovirals in a standard HIV regimen.

Practical Tips for Taking Efavirenz

Efavirenz is usually taken once a day, preferably at bedtime. Taking it at night reduces the chance you’ll feel its most common side effect—dizziness or vivid dreams—while you’re awake. Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water; don’t crush or chew it.

Stick to the same time each day. If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember unless it’s almost time for your next one. In that case, skip the missed dose—don’t double up. Doubling can increase side effects and isn’t worth the risk.

Food can affect absorption, so many doctors suggest taking efavirenz with a light snack if stomach upset occurs. However, you don’t have to fast before or after the pill; just avoid high‑fat meals right before dosing because they might lower drug levels.

Common side effects include dizziness, trouble sleeping, and vivid dreams. These usually settle within a week or two as your body adjusts. If you notice severe rash, mood changes, or signs of liver trouble (yellow skin/eyes, dark urine), call your doctor right away. Those symptoms are rare but need prompt attention.

Efavirenz can interact with several other medicines—especially certain antifungals, antacids, and some seizure meds. Always tell your healthcare provider about every prescription, over‑the‑counter drug, or supplement you take. Even herbal remedies like St. John’s wort can lower efavirenz levels and make it less effective.

Alcohol isn’t banned while on efavirenz, but heavy drinking can increase dizziness and liver strain. If you enjoy a drink now and then, keep it moderate and discuss any concerns with your doctor.

Staying consistent with your HIV regimen is vital. Missing doses repeatedly can let the virus become resistant to efavirenz, limiting future treatment options. Use pillboxes, phone reminders, or apps to help you remember each day.

Finally, regular lab checks are part of safe efavirenz use. Your doctor will monitor liver function and viral load every few months. These tests confirm the drug is doing its job and catch any problems early.

In short, efavirenz is a powerful tool against HIV when taken correctly. Follow dosing instructions, watch for side effects, keep an open line with your healthcare team, and you’ll give yourself the best chance at staying healthy.